The right to inclusive education and the inclusive State: a new peaceful signal to create a social model through global diversity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58508/cultpaz.v9.215Keywords:
Galtung’s 3Rs theory, Inclusive education and democracy State, Peaceful mediationAbstract
Introduction: This paper introduces a new preliminary theory on the right to inclusive education to recognize the democratic State and non-discrimination of global diversity.
The main objective is to study and analyze the research related to Galtung’s intellectual incorporation through social concepts toward a peaceful culture of inclusive education and the functioning of the democratic State.
Method: The methodology was based on an interpretative-qualitative documentary review through different conceptual and experimental studies related to the global diversity, the universal educational system, and the inclusive society.
Results: The new theory of the 3Rs model merges the intersection of the democratic State and inclusive education, incorporating peaceful mediation, depending on the multidimensionality —or several triangles— on human behavior and social policy to manufacture said inclusive culture.
Discussion: The discussion corresponds to the three groups; they are analyzed and complemented with the theory of the 3Rs model, namely: i) peaceful teaching towards the future of the inclusive democratic State; ii) cost reduction and new creation of the fund for excluded students with multi-diversity; and iii) new proposal for a Constitutional Reform for inclusive educational democracy.
Conclusions: In conclusion, there is a rule of the game to solve Johan Galtung’s theory on the right to inclusive education and the construction of an inclusive State offering important reflections that impact the need to address cultural violence through prejudices, stereotypes, and social discrimination.
Downloads
References
Añaños, F. T., Rivera, M., & Amaro, A. (2020). Foundations of Culture of Peace and Peace Education as a means of Social Inclusion. Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana, 22(35), 13-34. https://doi.org/10.19053/01227238.11916
Archer, D. T., Hajir, B., & McInerney, W. W. (Eds.). (2023). Innovations in Peace and Education Praxis: Transdisciplinary Reflections and Insights. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Innovations-in-Peace-and-Education-Praxis-Transdisciplinary-Reflections-and-Insights/Archer-Hajir-McInerney/p/book/9781032203027
Arzate Salgado, J. (2018) Desigualdad-violencia como continuo problemático, Revista de Cultura de Paz, 2, 175-190. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/25
Bajaj, M. (2008). Introduction Encyclopedia of Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Bajaj_ch1_22feb08.pdf
Bartlett, L. (2008). Paulo Freire and Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Bartlett_ch5_22feb08.pdf
Bekerman, Z. (2008). Multiculturalism: Critical Reflections [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/BekermanMulticulturalism_22feb08.pdf
Bernaschina, D. (2023). Social Pedagogy and Media Arts: innovative proposal for inclusive schooling. Alteridad, 18(2), 158-169. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v18n2.2023.01
Bernaschina, D. (2024). Inclusive democratic education: a question of social discrimination and inaccessible pedagogical training. Practical Pedagogy Studies, 2(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58396/pps020102
Bouché Peris, J. H. (2003). La paz comienza por uno mismo. Educación XX1, 6(1), 25-43. https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/educacionXX1/article/view/351
Danesh, H. B. (2006). Towards an integrative theory of peace education. Journal of Peace Education, 3(1), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17400200500532151
Danesh, H. B. (2008). Unity-Based Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Danesh_ch17_22feb08.pdf
Davies, L. (2008). Global Citizenship Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Davis_ch13_22feb08.pdf
Díez, J. V. (2007). La educación para la paz y la no violencia. Revista Iberoamericana de educación, 42(2). https://rieoei.org/historico/deloslectores/experiencias146.htm
Freire, P. (1985). The politics of education: culture, power, and liberation (D. Macedo, Trans.). Bergin & Garvey.
Freire, P. (1998). Pedagogy of freedom: Ethics, democracy, and civic courage. Rowman & Littlefield. https://abahlali.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Paulo-Freire-Pedagogy-of-Freedom-Ethics-Democracy-and-Civic-Courage-2000.pdf
Freire, P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M. Bergman Ramos, Trans.). Continuum Press. https://envs.ucsc.edu/internships/internship-readings/freire-pedagogy-of-the-oppressed.pdf
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
Galtung, J. (1975a). Educational growth and educational disparity. Prospects: quarterly review of education, 5(3), 323-328. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000015555
Galtung, J. (1975b). Educating to understand the problems of peace. Futures, 7(1), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(75)90033-6
Galtung, J. (1980). The Specific contribution of peace research to the study of violence: typologies. In J. Domenach et al., Violence and its causes (pp. 83-96). UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000043128
Galtung, J. (1981). Social Cosmology and the Concept of Peace. Journal of Peace Research, 18(2), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338101800207
Galtung, J. (1982). Educational disparities, world politics and the New International Economic Order. In UNESCO IIEP, Inequalities in educational development: papers presented at an IIEP Seminar (pp. 65-73). UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000069172
Galtung, J. (1983). Peace education: Learning to hate war, love peace, and to do something about it. International Review of Education, 29(3), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00597972
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027003005
Galtung, J. (1996). Cultural peace: some characteristics. In UNESCO, From a culture of violence to a culture of peace (pp. 75-92). UNESCO Publishing. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000105136
Galtung, J. (1998). Tras la violencia 3R: reconstrucción, reconciliación, resolución. Afrontando los efectos visibles e invisibles de guerra y la violencia. Red Gernika 6, Bakeaz y Gernika Gogoratuz. https://www.gernikagogoratuz.org/portfolio-item/3r-reconstruccion-reconciliacion-resolucion-galtung/
Galtung, J. (2008). Form and Content of Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Galtung_ch6_22feb08.pdf
Galtung, J. (2011). Peace and Conflict Studies as Political Activity. In T. Matyók, J. Senehi, & S. Byrne (Eds.), Critical Issues in Peace and Conflict Studies: Theory, Practice and, Pedagogy (pp. 3-18). Lexington Books.
Galtung, J., & Fischer, D. (2013). Johan Galtung: Pioneer of Peace Research. Springer. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/70602/1/Johan%20Galtung.pdf
Gan, B. (2008). Nonviolence and Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/GanNonviolence-ACS_23feb08.pdf
García-González, D. E. (2023). La paz como valor de la democracia. Reflexiones desde sociedades violentadas. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 7, 298-316. https://doi.org/10.58508/cultpaz.v7.204
Gasparello, G. (2018). Entender la violencia y construir la paz: aproximaciones interdisciplinarias para la transformación de los conflictos. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 2, 169-173. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/41
Haavelsrud, M. (2008). Conceptual Perspectives in Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Haavelsrud_ch7_22feb08.pdf
Harber, O. (2008). Schools, Violence, and Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/HarberSchoolsViolence_23feb08.pdf
Harris, I. (2002). Conceptual underpinnings of peace education. In G. Salomon & B. Nevo (Eds.), Peace education: The concept, principles, and practices around the world (pp. 15-25). Psychology Press.
Harris, I. (2004). Peace education theory. Journal of Peace Education, 1(1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740020032000178276
Hicks, D. (2008). Futures Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Hicks_ch15_22feb08.pdf
Jiménez Bautista, F. (2018). Paz imperfecta: nuevas querellas amistosas. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 2, 25–43. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/38
Jiménez Bautista, F. (2019). Educación neutral y Educación para la Paz neutra. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 3, 367-387. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/61
Jiménez Bautista, F. (2021). Paz positiva versus Paz imperfecta: el poder de la verdad. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 5, 7-33. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/120
Kohan, W. O. (2019). Paulo Freire and the Value of Equality in Education. Educação e Pesquisa, 45. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-4634201945201600
Lopes, D. (2021). Plurals of Citizenship: Instruments for Inclusion. In W. Leal Filho, A. Marisa Azul, L. Brandli, A. Lange Salvia, P. G. Özuyar, & T. Wall (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 647-656). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95960-3_116
López Martínez, M. (2023). Minorías y noviolencia. Rompiendo los conflictos asimétricos. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 7, 418-441. https://doi.org/10.58508/cultpaz.v7.194
López-Martínez, M., & Garrido, M. B. (2023). Noviolencia: acción política y transformación social. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 7, 339-346. https://doi.org/10.58508/cultpaz.v7.208
Lozano Martín, A., Gutierrez Extremera, P., & Martinez Martín, R. (2018). La mediación educativa como Cultura de paz. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 2, 125-145. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/26
Massó Guijarro, B. (2018). La paz neutra: equilibrios en las fronteras de lo posible y lo imposible. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 2, 69-83. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/18
Medina, F. J., Cea Rodríguez, J., & Ramírez-Marín, J. (2017). Culture and Workplace Mediation. Revista de Cultura de Paz, 1, 49–66. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/4
Nath Prasad, S. (2008). Access to Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/PrasadAccess_22feb08.pdf
Navarro-Castro, L., & Nario-Galace, J. (2010). Peace Education: A pathway to a culture of peace. (2nd ed.). Center for Peace Education, Miriam College, Philippines. https://www.mc.edu.ph/Portals/8/Resources/Peace_Education_ebook_2010.pdf
Nissen, S. (2021). Political participation: Inclusion of citizens in democratic opinion-forming and decision-making processes. In W. Leal Filho, A. Marisa Azul, L. Brandli, A. Lange Salvia, P. G. Özuyar, & T. Wall (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 665-675). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95960-3_42
Page, J. S. (2008). Philosophy of Peace Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Page_philosophy_peace_ed_23feb08.pdf
Page, J. S. (2010). Peace education. In E. Baker, B. McGaw, & P. Peterson (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (3rd ed.). Elsevier. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/28731/
Ramos Pérez, M. E. (2003). El desarrollo de la educación por la paz: un camino de obstáculos y oportunidades. Educación XX1, 6(1), 129-146. https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/educacionXX1/article/view/355
Reardon, B. (1988). Comprehensive Peace Education. Teachers College Press.
Reardon, B. (1999). Peace Education: A Review and Projection [PDF File]. https://peacelearner.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/betty-reardon-peace-education-a-review-and-projection1.pdf
Salinas Arias, B.A. (2023). Educación para la Paz desde Johan Galtung. Análisis, 55(102). https://doi.org/10.15332/21459169.7634
Schugurensky, D. (1998). The legacy of Paulo Freire: A critical review of his contributions. Convergence, 31(1/2), 17-29. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234755968_The_Legacy_of_Paulo_Freire_A_Critical_Review_of_His_Contributions
Snauwaert, D. (2023). Teaching Peace as a Matter of Justice: Toward a Pedagogy of Moral Reasoning. Springer.
Synott, J. (2005). Peace education as an educational paradigm: review of a changing field using an old measure. Journal of Peace Education, 2(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740020052000341786
Telleschi, T. (2021). ¿Cómo el poder y el conflicto cambian en la sociedad cambiante? ¿Qué clase de individuo están produciendo? Revista de Cultura de Paz, 5, 35-62. https://revistadeculturadepaz.com/index.php/culturapaz/article/view/119
Tibbitts, F. (2008). Human Rights Education [PDF File]. Encyclopedia of Peace Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/epe/epe-entries/Tibbitts_ch12_22feb08.pdf
Toh, S. H. (2006). Education for sustainable development & the weaving of a culture of peace: complementarities and synergies [Paper presented]. The UNESCO Expert Meeting on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), Kanchanaburi, Thailand. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b7efe4cbbbd97b20ee7222270568db9a91a6670f
UNESCO. (2005). Peace Education. Framework for teacher education. UNESCO Digital Library. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000150262
Vila-Merino, E. S., Rascón-Gómez, T., & Calderón-Almendros, I. (2024). Disability, stigma and suffering in schools. Emerging narratives for the right to inclusive education. Educación XX1, 27(1), 353–371. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.36753
Zaragoza, F. M. (2003). Educación para la paz. Educación XX1, 6(1), 17-24. https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/educacionXX1/article/view/350
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Diego Bernaschina

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons 4.0 BY-NC-SA que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).
-
Los autores han respetado la política de autoría de esta revista.




